(Republicans felt one of the primary reasons for the German victory in 1870 was their superior education system. French territories occupied by Prussia at this time did not participate. Germany set up vigorous measures of public hygiene and public sanatoria, but France let private physicians handle the problem. To prompt the Prussians to leave France, the government passed a variety of financial laws, such as the controversial Law of Maturities, to pay reparations. France regained Alsace-Lorraine, and the German industrial Saar Basin, a coal and steel region, was occupied by France. The Maginot Line gives French military a false sense of security: Soon after World War I, under the direction of Minister of War André Maginot, France constructed formidable concrete obstacles, machine gun posts, and forts along its borders with Germany, Italy, and later Belgium. ", Alex Bostrom, "Fournissant le front: La production de l'artillerie française pendant la Première Guerre mondiale>, Norman Ingram, "Le creuset de la guerre: La Ligue des droits de l'homme et le débat sur "les conditions d'une paix durable" en 1916. It became a long and very bloody war of attrition, but France emerged on the winning side. This meant that all fifty-four orders in France were dissolved and about 20,000 members immediately left France, many for Spain. [92], The main goal of foreign policy was the diplomatic response to the demands of the French army in the 1920s and 1930s to form alliances against the German threat, especially with Britain and with smaller countries in central Europe. While the Dutch and Belgian governments had less and less say in the anti-Jewish policy of the occupying regime during the course of 1941, the Vichy government continued to play an important role in France. Membership was open to everyone, not just Catholics. After Napoleon's capture by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan (1 September 1870), Parisian deputies led by Léon Gambetta established the Government of National Defence as a provisional government on 4 September 1870. (External link on this war.). Its motto summarized its program: "Liberty for all; equality before the law; better conditions for the workers." However, when its leader Jean Jaurès, a pacifist, was assassinated at the start of the war, the French socialist movement abandoned its anti-militarist positions and joined the national war effort. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. In addition, there was no banking crisis. It captured a quarter of the Parisian market and forced the rest to lower their prices. "Defending France: foreign policy and the quest for security, 1850s–1990s." In July 1939 the president and government resigned, and the constitution was suspended. France and Great Britain abandoned Czechoslovakia and appeased the Germans by giving in to their demands concerning the acquisition of the Sudetenland (the portions of Czechoslovakia with German-speaking majorities). ", Martin Thomas, "France and the Czechoslovak crisis. [74], In 1914, the government implemented a war economy with controls and rationing. Consequently, the Third Republic, originally envisioned as a provisional government, instead became the permanent form of government of France. Legitimists and Orléanists came to a compromise, eventually, whereby the childless Comte de Chambord would be recognised as king, with the Comte de Paris recognised as his heir; this was the expected line of succession for the Comte de Chambord by France's traditional rule of agnatic primogeniture if the renunciation of the Spanish Bourbons in the Peace of Utrecht was recognised. Two years later, evidence came to light that identified a French Army major named Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy as the real spy. [33], The most important party of the early 20th century in France was the Radical Party, founded in 1901 as the "Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party" ("Parti républicain, radical et radical-socialiste"). French income levels were higher than German income levels despite France having fewer natural resources, while taxation and government spending were lower in France than in Germany. [8], Revisionist scholars have argued that the Boulangist movement more often represented elements of the radical left rather than the extreme right. Permanent professional diplomats and bureaucrats had developed their own traditions of how to operate at the Quai d'Orsay (where the Foreign Ministry was located), and their style changed little from generation to generation. In 1879, priests were excluded from the administrative committees of hospitals and boards of charity; in 1880, new measures were directed against the religious congregations; from 1880 to 1890 came the substitution of lay women for nuns in many hospitals; in 1882, the Ferry school laws were passed. The French victory at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914 ensured the failure of Germany's strategy to win quickly. France secured an alliance with the Russian Empire in 1894 after diplomatic talks between Germany and Russia had failed to produce any working agreement. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of the French regions of Alsace (keeping the Territoire de Belfort) and Lorraine (the northeastern part, i.e. The period from the start of World War I to the late 1930s featured sharply polarized politics, between the Democratic Republican Alliance and the Radicals. France, Europe's most vibrant economy in the 1920es, experienced the effects of the GREAT DEPRESSION rather late, unemployment figures rising sharply only in 1931 and 1932. 1881: Following the 16 May crisis in 1877, Legitimists were pushed out of power, and the Republic was finally governed by republicans, called Opportunist Republicans as they were in favour of moderate changes to firmly establish the new regime. They were defeated by the changes in the electoral laws that prevented Boulanger from running in multiple constituencies; by the government's aggressive opposition; and by the absence of the general himself, who placed himself in self-imposed exile to be with his mistress. Deep-rooted suspicions remained on both sides and were inflamed by the Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906). The state had a smaller role in France than in Germany before the First World War. Soon after, evidence of Louis’ counterrevolutionary intrigues with foreign nations was discovered, and he was put on trial for treason. The Jules Ferry laws on free, mandatory and secular public education, voted in 1881 and 1882, were one of the first sign of this republican control of the Republic, as public education was not any more in the exclusive control of the Catholic congregations. (1938-1947; transcriptions and translations) WWII in France Footage; Footage selected by British Pathé related to France during World War II. (2) Telephone communication from Robert Coulondre, French Ambassador to Germany, to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs (Georges Bonnet), September 3, 1939 I have the honor to confirm as here below the communication which I made to Your Excellency by telephone at 1 P.M. Herr von Ribbentrop returned at noon. As a result, he was forced to resign in 1873. Opposition to colonial rule led to rebellions in Morocco in 1925, Syria in 1926, and Indochina in 1930, all of which the colonial army quickly suppressed. The major postwar success story was Paris Soir, which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation and serious articles to build prestige. This page was last edited on 9 April 2021, at 21:25. [32], Increasingly after 1870, the stores' work force became feminized, opening up prestigious job opportunities for young women. ), The early anti-Catholic laws were largely the work of republican Jules Ferry in 1882. The French clergy and bishops were closely associated with the monarchists and many of its hierarchy were from noble families. After high-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy. A two-chamber parliament was created, along with a ministry under the. It is regarded as the largest monetary corruption scandal of the 19th century. [6], Following the 16 May crisis in 1877, Legitimists were pushed out of power, and the Republic was finally governed by republicans referred to as Opportunist Republicans for their support of moderate social and political changes in order to establish the new regime firmly. (1938-1947; transcriptions and translations) WWII in France Footage; Footage selected by British Pathé related to France during World War II. Bismarck had made a mistake in taking Alsace and Lorraine in 1871, setting off decades of popular hatred of Germany and demand for revenge. As a result of this brilliant German strategy, embodied in the Manstein Plan, the Allies were defeated in stunning fashion. A new liberal press law of 1881 abandoned the restrictive practices that had been typical for a century. By 1939 French authorities had imposed strict limitations on immigration and set up a number of internment and detention camps for refugees, such as Gurs and Rivesaltes, in southern France. The intense political and judicial scandal that ensued divided French society between those who supported Dreyfus (now called "Dreyfusards"), such as Anatole France, Henri Poincaré and Georges Clemenceau, and those who condemned him (the anti-Dreyfusards), such as Édouard Drumont, the director and publisher of the anti-Semitic newspaper La Libre Parole. In France... General mobilization and a "state of siege" (martial law) are proclaimed. The fall of Boulanger severely undermined the political strength of the conservative and royalist elements within France; they would not recover their strength until 1940. German Invasion. Throughout its seventy-year history, the Third Republic stumbled from crisis to crisis, from dissolved parliaments to the appointment of a mentally ill president (Paul Deschanel). [126] Shirer portrayed Édouard Daladier as a well-meaning, but weak willed; Georges Bonnet as a corrupt opportunist even willing to do a deal with the Nazis; Marshal Maxime Weygand as a reactionary soldier more interested in destroying the Third Republic than in defending it; General Maurice Gamelin as incompetent and defeatist, Pierre Laval as a crooked crypto-fascist; Charles Maurras (whom Shirer represented as France's most influential intellectual) as the preacher of "drivel"; Marshal Philippe Pétain as the senile puppet of Laval and the French royalists, and Paul Reynaud as a petty politician controlled by his mistress, Countess Hélène de Portes. In 1940, French soldiers were overwhelmed by Nazi forces and the government sought for peace with Germany. [111][112], The looming threat to France of Nazi Germany was delayed at the Munich Conference of 1938. Building on foundations laid in the early months of the war, the Ministry of War matched production to the operational and tactical needs of the army, with an emphasis on meeting the insatiable demands for artillery. They seldom reported the achievements of the Allies, crediting all the good news to the French army. One of the most surprising aspects of the Third Republic was that it constituted the first stable republican government in French history and the first to win the support of the majority of the population, but it was intended as an interim, temporary government. "[117] France might have agreed about being a republic, but it never fully accepted the Third Republic. Reynaud, who resigned in mid- June, was replaced as prime minister by Marshal Philippe Petain. [48][49], French diplomacy was largely independent of domestic affairs; economic, cultural and religious interest groups paid little attention to foreign affairs. The challenges were monumental: the German seizure of the industrial heartland in the northeast, a shortage of manpower, and a mobilization plan that left France on the brink of defeat. Very few French families settled in the colonies, and they were too poor in natural resources and trade to significantly benefit the overall economy. It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity, not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities, just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city. By June, the French government had been pushed all the way to the south where it was dissolved and a new government created, led by World War I hero Marshal Philippe Pétain. 6. Civil marriage became compulsory, divorce was introduced, and chaplains were removed from the army.[39]. Proponents of the concept have argued that the French defeat of 1940 was caused by what they regard as the innate decadence and moral rot of France. A decisive Republican majority was elected to the Chamber of Deputies while the monarchist majority in the Senate was maintained by only one seat. When Stalin told French Communists to collaborate with others on the left in 1934, a popular front was made possible with an emphasis on unity against fascism. In 1944, after the landings of the Allies in France (Normandy, Provence), they expelled the German Army, putting an end to the Vichy Regime. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. When the Third Republic collapsed under German attack in the early summer of 1940, there were approximately 350,000 Jews in France. On the other hand, the Legitimists remained harshly anti-Republicans, while Charles Maurras founded the Action française in 1898. Georges Clemenceau, whose ferocious energy and determination earned him the nickname le Tigre ("the Tiger"), led a coalition government after 1917 that was determined to defeat Germany. [109][110], Catholics on the far right supported several shrill, but small, groupings that preached doctrines similar to fascism. Inflation was severe, with the franc losing over half its value against the British pound. "Gender and Politics in Interwar and Vichy France.". Combs led the anti-clerical coalition on the left, facing opposition primarily organized by the pro-Catholic ALP. [120] Marc Bloch in his book Strange Defeat (written in 1940, and published posthumously in 1946) argued that the French upper classes had ceased to believe in the greatness of France following the Popular Front victory of 1936, and so had allowed themselves to fall under the spell of fascism and defeatism. [98][99], In 1920, the socialist movement split, with the majority forming the French Communist Party. The Catholic Church became deeply involved. After the defeat by the Germans, there was a strong widespread anti-German sentiment focused on revanchism and regaining Alsace and Lorraine. Dec. 18, 1939 However, the "old republicans" were few, and it did not manage to regroup all Catholics, as it was shunned by monarchists, Christian democrats, and Integrists. The French Resistance refers to the many groups of French citizens who fought German occupation of France during WWII. The French armies had borne the brunt of the burden on the Western front where the war was won; a French Field Marshall was commanding in 1918, the Allied forces. The Popular Front government fell over internal dissent. Action Française never fully recovered from the denunciation, but it was active in the Vichy era. Weber then looked at how the policies of the Third Republic created a sense of French nationality in rural areas. It consisted of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate to form the legislative branch of government and a president to serve as head of state. For a time it even seemed immune to the economic crisis that spread through Europe beginning in 1929; France went serenely on behind its high-tariff barrier, a healthy island in a chaotic world. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. [10], The state had a smaller role in France than in Germany before the First World War. Young, who, in his 1978 book In Command of France argued that French society was not decadent, that the defeat of 1940 was due to only military factors, not moral failures, and that the Third Republic's leaders had done their best under the difficult conditions of the 1930s. But in truth, the Nez Perce Chief Him-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt ...read more, On September 21, 1985, a little-known actor named George Clooney makes his first appearance as a handyman on the popular TV sitcom The Facts of Life. Throughout the 1870s, the issue of whether a monarchy should replace or oversee the republic dominated public debate. Intensive rearmament programs began in 1936 and were re-doubled in 1938, but they would only bear fruit in 1939 and 1940. Religious personnel were no longer paid by the State. The surrender of France in June 1940, was a major blow to many French people in terms of their pride.Many believed that the government had let the people down. 17/08/1940 All workers were given a two-week paid vacation. The new government negotiated a peace settlement with the newly proclaimed German Empire: the Treaty of Frankfurt signed on 10 May 1871. (2) Telephone communication from Robert Coulondre, French Ambassador to Germany, to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs (Georges Bonnet), September 3, 1939 I have the honor to confirm as here below the communication which I made to Your Excellency by telephone at 1 P.M. Herr von Ribbentrop returned at noon. The Union sacrée sought to draw the French people closer to the actual front and thus garner social, political, and economic support for the soldiers. Jean-Marie Mayeur and Madeleine Rebérioux. Whether it is the Spanish Civil War where a Popular Front government refuses to help a leftist government fighting a military insurrection supported by Germany and Italy, the Anschluss or the Sudetenland crisis, it is London which is in charge. During the interwar period, France was one of the more liberal countries in welcoming Jewish immigrants, many of them from eastern Europe. At its apex was a President of the Republic. Another magazine, Match, was modelled on the photojournalism of the American magazine Life. He based his findings on school records, migration patterns, military service documents and economic trends. Compromise on this was impossible if the nation were to be made whole again. The minority, led by Léon Blum, kept the name Socialist, and by 1932 greatly outnumbered the disorganized Communists. [88] Frenchmen on the left feared it was an attempt to organize a fascist coup d'état. [107], France's republican government had long been strongly anti-clerical. In addition to its daily paper, Paris Soir sponsored a highly successful women's magazine Marie-Claire. France plunged into a dark age, occupied by the Nazis with the terrible implications bombing raids, executions, deportation, murders and famine. France rebuilt its Army, emphasizing modernization in such features as new artillery, and after 1905 invested heavily in military aircraft. A staunch Catholic conservative with Legitimist sympathies and a noted mistrust of secularists, de MacMahon grew to be increasingly at odds with the French parliament as liberal and secular republicans gained legislative majority during his presidency. Foreign-policy 1871-1914 was based on a slow rebuilding of alliances with Russia and Britain in order to counteract the threat from Germany. Summer camps and youth groups were organized to promote conservative values in working-class families, and help them design a career path. Church and State were finally separated. Rail transportation was rationed and less paper and ink came in, and fewer copies could be shipped out. [30] The great writer Émile Zola (1840–1902) set his novel Au Bonheur des Dames (1882–83) in the typical department store. [27], Aristide Boucicaut founded Le Bon Marché in Paris in 1838, and by 1852 it offered a wide variety of goods in "departments inside one building. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris and sent to the penal colony at Devil's Island in French Guiana (nicknamed la guillotine sèche, the dry guillotine), where he spent almost five years. At the start of the near-monthlong battle, Kelly ran through no-man’s land, 100 yards ahead of an allied artillery barrage — … On the right stood conservative France, rooted in the peasantry, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. This war economy would have important reverberations after the war, as it would be a first breach of liberal theories of non-interventionism. New representatives were elected in February of that year, constituting the government which would come to evolve into the Third Republic. At Japan's request Paris sent military missions in 1872–1880, in 1884–1889 and in 1918–1919 to help modernize the Japanese army. De MacMahon was subsequently accused by Republicans and republican sympathizers of attempting to stage a constitutional coup d'état, a claim which he publicly denied. The novel describes merchandising, management techniques, marketing, and consumerism. "[124], In 1979, Duroselle published a well-known book entitled La Décadence that offered a total condemnation of the entire Third Republic as weak, cowardly and degenerate. At 1:47 on the morning of September 21, ...read more, The mutilated body of 13-year-old paperboy Danny Joe Eberle is found in his hometown of Bellevue, Nebraska. Consequently, the change of governments could be seen as little more than a series of ministerial reshuffles, with many individuals carrying forward from one government to the next, often in the same posts. ", Benjamin F. Martin, "The Creation of the Action Libérale Populaire: an Example of Party Formation in Third Republic France.". [9], The Panama scandals of 1892 involved the enormous cost of a failed attempt to build the Panama Canal. A consensus among soldiers agreed to resist any German attacks, but to postpone French attacks until the Americans arrived. Despite the low pay and long hours, they enjoyed the exciting complex interactions with the newest and most fashionable merchandise and upscale customers. Holders of the national debt lost 80% of the face value of their bonds, but runaway inflation did not occur. After Dreyfus was pardoned, the Radical government closed down the entire Assumptionist order and its newspaper in 1900. [25], France was a rural nation, and the peasant farmer was the typical French citizen. [121] The French journalist André Géraud, who wrote under the pen name Pertinax in his 1943 book, The Gravediggers of France indicted the pre-war leadership for what he regarded as total incompetence.[121]. Action libérale was the parliamentary group from which the ALP political party emerged, adding the word populaire ("popular") to signify this expansion. The horrible devastation of the war, including the death of 1.5 million French soldiers, the devastation of much of the steel and coal regions, and the long-term costs for veterans, were always remembered. The lottery immediately became popular, and became a major foundation of the annual budget. GCSE Modern World History - Nazi Germany. ... Saturday, September 30, 1939. [101], Most historians judge the Popular Front a failure, although some call it a partial success. [50] Most of the diplomats came from high status aristocratic families. In response, Hitler allowed the creation of a new French government in Vichy, France. Their work is part of an emerging consensus that France's radical right was formed in part during the Dreyfus era by men who had been Boulangist partisans of the radical left a decade earlier. On June 10th, it fled Paris, declaring the capital an open city to hopefully spare its destruction by Hitler. The French Third Republic (French: La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France. One emphasizes a broad cultural and political interpretation, pointing to failures, internal dissension, and a sense of malaise that ran through all French society. Adolphe Thiers called republicanism in the 1870s "the form of government that divides France least"; however, politics under the Third Republic were sharply polarized. [95] France appeased Italy on the Ethiopia question because it could not afford to risk an alliance between Italy and Germany. Like the bourgeois stores, it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods. In 1904, French foreign minister Théophile Delcassé negotiated the Entente Cordiale with Lord Lansdowne, the British Foreign Secretary, an agreement that ended a long period of Anglo-French tensions and hostility. [83], The world economic crisis known as the Great Depression affected France a bit later than other countries, hitting around 1931. [115] The Dyle Plan embodied the primary war plan of the French Army to stave off Wehrmacht Army Groups A, B, and C with their much revered Panzer divisions in the Low Countries. It remains one of the most striking examples of a complex miscarriage of justice in which a central role was played by the press and public opinion. Clemenceau demanded the harshest terms and won most of them in the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. A major historiographical debate about the latter years of the Third Republic concerns the concept of La décadence (the decadence). [29], The French gloried in the national prestige brought by the great Parisian stores. The ALP was drawn into battle from its very beginnings (its first steps coincided with the beginning of the Combes ministry and its anticlerical combat policy), as religious matters were at the heart of its preoccupations. Since that time, Pope Benedict XV had sought a rapprochement, but it was not achieved until the reign of Pope Pius XI (1922–39). After Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939, Britain and France Although the Great Depression was not yet severe, the lottery appealed to charitable impulses, greed, and respect for veterans. On the one hand, there was the right-center Bloc national led by Georges Clemenceau, Raymond Poincaré and Aristide Briand. 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