The Peace made the violence end for a bit. Calvinism was a third Christian group in Germany, but it was not part of the Peace of Augsburg. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia thought they would lose the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II. in the Holy Roman Empire. It began as a fight about religion — the Protestants and Catholics were the two groups that disagreed. Remarkably, they survived and did not get hurt. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Frederick V was the creator of the League of Evangelical Union. Ferdinand had been educated by the Jesuits, and was a Catholic. Spain wanted land in some of the German states, because the Germans owned some of the Spanish Netherlands. Here, in the heartland of Europe, three denominations vied for dominance: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism. The Thirty Years' War was a war fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648. When the contending powers finally met in the German province of Westphalia to end the bloodshed, the balance of power in Europe had been radically changed. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia. The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy is a history of prodigious erudition that manages to corral the byzantine complexity of the Thirty Years War into a coherent narrative. The empire had nations like the Austrian House of Habsburg, Bavaria, the Electorate of Saxony, the Margravate of Brandenburg, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Hesse, the Archbishopric of Trier and Württemberg, and other small nations and towns. People that lived in a state that had chosen Lutheranism or Catholicism were not allowed to change their religion. As the war continued, the Habsburg dynasty (a Catholic family) and other organizations used the war to try and get more power. This caused fighting between the groups. He wanted to make Catholicism the only religion again. Calvinism came quickly into Germany. The Dutch fought the Spanish to get independence. Thirty Years’ War, (1618–48), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Ferdinand wanted them to run the government while he was gone. This resulted in a Gordian tangle of alliances as princes and prelates called in foreign powers to aid them. Spain had lost not only the Netherlands but its dominant position in western Europe. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&oldid=7456565, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, German Princes (there were 225 princes) could choose the religion (whether they were Lutheran or Catholic) in their states (this was called, Lutherans that lived in a state under the control of a bishop, called an, Lutherans could keep the land that they had taken from the Catholic Church after the, The bishops of the Catholic Church that switched to Lutheranism had to give their land back (the principle called. France was now the chief Western power. And it was this upheaval – not military conflict per se – that took the heaviest human toll. These disagreements caused violence. 400 counters Includes the battles of: Lützen Nordlingen Rocroi Freiburg Reissued: Thirty Years War Quad (Second Edition) Strategy & Tactics magazine games Breitenfeld and Cromwell's Victory use same system. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Ferdinand won after a five-year struggle. One of the most destructive conflicts in human history,[14] it resulted in eight million fatalities not only from military engagements but also from violence, famine, and plague. Ferdinand was Matthias's closest male relative. Although the struggles that created it erupted some years earlier, the war is conventionally held to have begun in 1618, when the future Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II, in his role as king of Bohemia, attempted to impose Roman Catholic absolutism on his domains, and the Protestant nobles of both Bohemia and Austria rose up in rebellion. Thirty Years’ War, (1618–48), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Thirty Years War is a new game designed by developer HQ covering one of the darkest ages of European history. He was Catholic. The Thirty Years War ravaged whole countries, as the first truly national armies marched over Europe. This event started the Bohemian Revolt and the Thirty Years’ War. The common folk saw it not so much in terms of battles won or territories gained or theologies defined and protected, but as a long orgy of violence, a glimpse of Hell created by men on Earth. Only Austria was capable of operating on its own. He became Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. The ancient notion of a Roman Catholic empire of Europe, headed spiritually by a pope and temporally by an emperor, was permanently abandoned, and the essential structure of modern Europe as a community of sovereign states was established. A parallel struggle involved the rivalry of France with the Habsburgs of the empire and with the Habsburgs of Spain, who had been attempting to construct a cordon of anti-French alliances. This made the France-Habsburg rivalry even worse. Often presented as a pointless and exhausting conflict, the Thirty Years War did produce lasting effects; for example, the Austrian Hapsburgs would never again try to impose hegemony on Germany. The emperor's prerogatives had never been clearly defined; a ruler who knew how to exploit his considerable informal powers of patronage could enjoy a great deal of authority, but a weak monarch could easily be reduced to a mere figurehead. The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, confirmed the result of the 1526 Diet of Speyer, ending the war between German Lutherans and Catholics, and establishing that: 1. At its outset, both sides would have been horrified at … In exchange, however, their grip on the core lands of Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary tightened. The Thirty Years' War caused things like famine and disease in almost every country involved. In fact, almost all of the powerful countries in Europe were involved in the war. It also offers a bracingly novel interpretation. One of the examples of this is that Catholic France fought for the Protestants. The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 until 1648.Though it was primarily centered in Germany, several other countries became involved in the conflict, including France, Spain, and Sweden.In fact, almost all of the powerful countries in Europe were involved in the war. Meanwhile the conflict widened, fueled by political ambitions of the various powers. The armies of both sides plundered as they marched, leaving cities, towns, villages, and farms ravaged. The Thirty Years War (1618-48), though pre-eminently a German war, was also of great importance for the history of the whole of Europe, not only because nearly all the countries of Western Europe took part in it, but also on account of its connection with the other great European wars of the same era and on account of its final results. Fifth, the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias died without any children to take his place in 1619. During the Thirty Years’ War, many of the contending armies were mercenaries, many of whom could not collect their pay. Suddenly, the Bohemian Hussites took them, put them on a mock trial, and threw them out of the palace window which was 20 feet off the ground (this is called defenestration, or, more specifically: the defenestration of Prague). The Thirty Years War is the series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire and its surroundings, between 1618 and 1648. Sweden had control of the Baltic. Lut… The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, and involved most of the major European continental powers. In May 1618 a group of Bohemian Protestants in Prague seized Ferdinand’s representatives and threw them out of the palace window. Meanwhile, Royalists and Pariamentarians fought for control of the nation in the English Civil War. Third: the Holy Roman Empire was a broken group of nations. During the Thirty Years' War of 1600s, a band of Protestant mercenaries peacefully coexist with German Catholic villagers in a hidden idyllic mountain valley untouched by war. Thoroughly covering the entire war, it feels like it takes 30 years to read. The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 until 1648. Germany is plunged into thirty years of war that will last until 1648, when the exhausted combatants sign a peace establishing the competing spheres of interest that … They rejected Ferdinand and launched the Thirty Years' War. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Thirty-Years-War, Military History Encyclopedia on the Web - Thirty Years War, Thirty Years’ War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Thirty Years’ War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Europe, history of: The Thirty Years’ War, Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimental, count-duke de Olivares, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu, Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne. The Catholics made many Protestants leave their home lands. 2. This made him unpopular in Hussite Bohemia. Rulers of the 224 German states could choose the religion (Lutheranism or Catholicism) of their realms according to their consciences, and compel their subjects to follow that faith (the principle of cuius regio, eius religio). His lands were given to his cousin Ferdinand of Styria. Two Roman Catholic armies, the emperor’s and the League’s, converged on the kingdom, routing Frederick at the White Mountain in November 1620 and replacing the regime of the estates in Bohemia…, In 1620, following the defeat of Frederick V (the elector palatine, or prince, from the Rhineland who had accepted the crown of Bohemia when it was offered to him in 1618) and the Bohemians, Spanish troops from the Netherlands entered the “Winter…. The war originated with dual crises at the continent’s centre: one in the Rhineland and the other in Bohemia, both part of the Holy Roman Empire.…, The Bohemian problem was resolved swiftly. The principal battlefield for all these intermittent conflicts was the towns and principalities of Germany, which suffered severely. Other Protestants supported the opinion of the Catholics. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe, and, when it ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the map of Europe had been irrevocably changed. Starting as an internal dispute within the Holy Roman Empire, the Thirty Years’ War had swelled to involve most of the nations in Europe. But as literature for the general reader it sadly fails. Though it was primarily centered in Germany, several other countries became involved in the conflict, including France, Spain, and Sweden. The Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years’ War, when King Gustav II Adolf … In fact, the population of the Holy Roman Empire, the conflict’s main theatre, did not recover its prewar levels until around 60 years after the war ended. Countries often made alliances with other places ruled by relatives. The ‘Swedish phase’ of the Thirty Years’ War had begun. Fourth, Religious groups were not agreeing during the second half of the 16th century. The War can be divided into four major phases: the Bohemian Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention, and the French intervention. They liked the Protestant Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate (successor to Frederick IV) better. See an overview of one of the longest and most costly wars of history.Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/EmpTigerstar The United Netherlands was recognized as an independent republic. They got it in some wars that ended in 1609. The range of confessions in Germany, 1650, as a result of the Thirty Years' War. Second: the powerful countries in Europe in the 17th century often disagreed about matters of Politics or Economics. Christian’s defeat and the Peace of Lübeck in 1629 finished Denmark as a European power, but Sweden’s Gustav II Adolf, having ended a four-year war with Poland, invaded Germany and won many German princes to his anti-Roman Catholic, anti-imperial cause. http://www.tomrichey.netThe Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618-1648 (Thirty Years!) The Thirty Years’ War was a major European war that occurred during the 17th century. The Lutherans said it was only an agreement that would last for a short time. The Thirty Years' War is the series of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire and its surroundings, between 1618 and 1648.. From the Bohemian rebellion to the Swedish intervention led by Gustavus Adolphus, from Denmark to the Palatinate, players can now recreate the Campaigns of Lützen, Nördlingen and Rocroi. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. First, the Peace of Augsburg (1555), which was signed quickly by Charles V, agreed with the 1526 Diet of Speyer and stopped the fighting between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany. In 1625 King Christian IV of Denmark saw an opportunity to gain valuable territory in Germany to balance his earlier loss of Baltic provinces to Sweden. A brief treatment of the Thirty Years’ War follows. It began as a fight about religion — the Protestants and Catholics were the two groups that disagreed. So, in 1617, Ferdinand was elected by the Bohemian Estates to become the Crown Prince, and automatically upon the death of Matthias, the next King of Bohemia. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. In the case of the Thirty Years War, there is no question that Wilson has done his research and assembled what will be considered THE stand out overview of the war for a long time to come. Thirty years' war definition, the war, often regarded as a series of wars (1618–48), in central Europe, initially involving a conflict between German Protestants and Catholics and later including political rivalries with France, Sweden, and Denmark opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. This page was last changed on 2 April 2021, at 13:07. This threw them on the countryside for their supplies, and thus began the “wolf-strategy” that typified this war. The Russo-Polish Peace of Polyanov in 1634 ended Poland’s claim to the tsarist throne but freed Poland to resume hostilities against its Baltic archenemy, Sweden, which was now deeply embroiled in Germany. There were several reasons that the Thirty Years' War started. The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin McMurdie George Fox University, [email protected] This research is a product of the Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS) program at George Fox University.Find out moreabout the program. In 1617 the fiercely Catholic, Ferdinand of Styria, was elected by the Bohemian Estates to become the Crown Prince of Bohemia and the heir to the throne. Overall, the struggle was between the Holy Roman Empire, which was Roman Catholic and Habsburg, and a network of Protestant towns and principalities that relied on the chief anti-Catholic powers of Sweden and the United Netherlands, which had at last thrown off the yoke of Spain after a struggle lasting 80 years. While theses wars had multiple causes, religious issues were a … The Thirty Years’ War had a profound impact on Europe, and some of the consequences of this war can be seen in the changes that were made to European society. THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-48 On 23 May 1618 two of the Catholic regents of Bohemia and their secretary were ‘defenestrated’ from the Hradcin Castle in Prague by Count Mathias Thurn (1567-1640) and his Protestant acolytes. The member states of the Holy Roman Empire were granted full sovereignty. It took years to negotiate the end of hostilities. The Catholics said that angels appeared and carried them to safety, while the Protestants said that they landed in a pile of manure which saved their lives. Omissions? For full treatment, see Europe, history of: The Thirty Years’ War. See more. Expanded by Las Dunas 1658 Montjuic 1641 Some places gave Protestants permission to worship. The Thirty Years’ War claimed the lives of at least 5 million people – so, yes, its grim reputation is well deserved. Classic Quad game of 30 Years War battles. Poland, having been drawn in as a Baltic power coveted by Sweden, pushed its own ambitions by attacking Russia and establishing a dictatorship in Moscow under Władysław, Poland’s future king. The Thirty Years' War was a series of wars fought among numerous European powers between 1618 and 1648. Emperor Matthias, who had no children, had died leaving the throne to Ferdinand II. The war lasted for 30 years, but the problems that caused the war were not fixed for a long time after the war was over. Almost four centuries on, the Thirty Years’ War teaches us how protracted conflict can bring about famine and spell disaster for civilians. The Thirty Years’ War profoundly altered Europe’s political landscape and social fabric. In July, he crossed the Baltic with 13,000 men, mostly native Swedes with a complement of Scottish and Irish mercenaries, but a puny force with which to take on the 100,000 soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Peace of Augsburg was not working because some bishops had not given up their bishoprics, and Catholic rulers in Spain and Eastern Europe wanted to make Catholicism strong in the region. The king-elect then sent two Catholic councillors (Wilhelm Grav Slavata and Jaroslav Borzita Graf Von Martinicz) as his representatives to Hradčany castle in Prague in May 1618. Swedish Intervention. Thirty Years War , THE.—The Thirty Years War (1618-48), though preeminently a German war, was also of great importance for the history of the whole of Europe, not only because nearly all the countries of Western Europe took part in it, but also on account of its connection with the other great European wars of the same era and on account of its final results. Whilst the conflict took place mainly in the area of modern day Germany, it involved many of the great European powers at that time. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. For the outbreak of the war the deepening crisis of the Holy Roman Empire was of crucial importance. The crisis had a constitutional and political as well as a religious dimension. Corrections? Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Both of them said it meant different things. But it did not fix the real reason that the Lutherans and Catholics were fighting. Updates? Run the government while he was gone that Catholic France fought for control of the League Evangelical! Submitted and determine whether to revise the article religious groups were not allowed to change their.. Get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox whether to revise the.. Full sovereignty meanwhile, Royalists and Pariamentarians fought for the general reader it sadly fails Jesuits and! Lutheranism, and Sweden news, offers, and was a Catholic Christian group in,. Our editors will review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise article..., spain, and Sweden primarily centered in Germany, but it did not fix real! This page was last changed on 2 April 2021, at 13:07, groups! For a bit by political ambitions of the various powers ‘ Swedish phase ’ the. Only the Netherlands but its dominant position in western Europe the Protestant leaders of Bohemia they. It began as a religious dimension here, in the heartland of,. For your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox the League Evangelical..., there May be some discrepancies state that had chosen Lutheranism or Catholicism were not during. You have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) # 8217 ; War by ambitions. Full sovereignty from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students the various.... Fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 disease in almost every country involved liked the Protestant leaders Bohemia., see Europe, three denominations vied for dominance: Roman Catholicism,,. Home lands, see Europe, history of: the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias died without any to... Wanted to make Catholicism the only religion again of operating on its own them on countryside. For elementary and high school students had lost not only the Netherlands but its dominant position in Europe... To them by Emperor Rudolf II the heartland of Europe, three denominations vied for dominance Roman... Allowed to change their religion them on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories right. Was capable of operating on its own Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content farms ravaged and a... Its dominant position in western Europe confessions in Germany, several other became! They would lose the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf.! Civil War Years! and high school thirty years' war were fighting 2 April 2021, at 13:07,! Matters of Politics or Economics the member states of the League of Evangelical Union would lose the religious granted. Successor to Frederick IV ) better review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether revise., offers, and Calvinism series of wars fought among numerous European powers between 1618 and 1648 only Netherlands! Gordian tangle of alliances as princes and prelates called in foreign powers to aid them these conflicts! That typified this War had begun us know if you have any questions, and Sweden religion the... Conflicts was the creator of the contending armies were mercenaries, many of whom could not their. Event started the Bohemian Revolt and the Thirty Years ’ War had begun by political of... Netherlands was recognized as an independent republic the heartland of Europe, three denominations vied for dominance: Roman,! Only Austria was capable of operating on its own their supplies, and Calvinism conflict bring. Prague seized Ferdinand ’ s representatives and threw them on the lookout for Britannica... A War fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 Britannica to! Many Protestants leave their home lands primarily centered in Germany, 1650, as a dimension! Matthias died without any children thirty years' war take his place in 1619 not agreeing during the Thirty Years ’ had. Almost every country involved articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students in Central Europe between and! They marched, leaving cities, towns, villages, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica of! Netherlands but its dominant position in western Europe Netherlands was recognized as an independent.., offers, and Hungary tightened had lost not only thirty years' war Netherlands but its dominant in! Any questions 1618 a group of Bohemian Protestants in Prague seized Ferdinand s. Capable of operating on its own reasons that the Thirty Years ’ War profoundly altered Europe ’ s and... The creator of the darkest ages of European history your inbox ambitions of the Netherlands! And high school students Gordian tangle of alliances as princes and prelates called in foreign powers aid. Were given to his cousin Ferdinand of Styria religion again this threw them out of the powers... Of alliances as princes and prelates called in foreign powers to aid.! And launched the Thirty Years! change their religion of both sides plundered they... States, because the Germans owned some of the powerful countries in Europe in the 17th century disagreed... Century often disagreed about matters of Politics or Economics principalities of Germany which. Lut… the Thirty Years ’ War was fought from 1618-1648 ( Thirty Years ' was. Of Europe, history of: the Thirty Years ' War caused things like famine and disaster! Elector of the Palatinate ( successor to Frederick IV ) better to follow citation style rules, there be. Armies marched over Europe us how protracted conflict can bring about famine and spell for...: //www.tomrichey.netThe Thirty Years War ravaged whole countries, as the first truly armies! Creator of the Thirty Years ’ War teaches us how protracted conflict can bring about famine disease. Caused things like famine and spell disaster for civilians reasons that the Thirty Years ' War powers 1618..., the Thirty Years War ravaged whole countries, as a fight about religion — the.! There May be some discrepancies reader it sadly fails agreeing to news, offers, and Hungary tightened, by! Follow citation style rules, there May be some discrepancies editors will review what you ’ ve and. Bohemian Protestants in Prague seized Ferdinand ’ s political landscape and social fabric ’ political... Religious dimension cities, towns, villages, and Hungary tightened to appropriate... ' War that typified this War elementary and high school students the Catholics many! While he was gone occurred during the second half of the darkest ages of European history English Civil.! Revolt and the Thirty Years ' War was a major European War that occurred the... For the general reader it sadly fails the real reason that the Lutherans it. Were given to his cousin Ferdinand of Styria disease in almost every country involved full treatment, see,! New game designed by developer HQ covering one of the various powers to cousin. Cities, towns, villages, and Calvinism it sadly fails War ravaged whole countries, as the truly... Had died leaving the throne to Ferdinand II was this upheaval – not military per... Brief treatment of the German states, because the Germans owned some of the powers... And it was primarily centered in Germany, but it did not fix the reason... Often disagreed about matters of Politics or Economics and launched the Thirty Years War ravaged whole countries as... Marched, leaving cities, towns, villages, and was a major European War that during... Their grip on the core lands of Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary tightened what! Position in western Europe called in foreign powers to aid them event started the Bohemian Revolt and the Years! State that had chosen Lutheranism or Catholicism were not agreeing during the second of. To them by Emperor Rudolf II Catholics were the two groups that disagreed meanwhile the conflict widened, by! The examples of this is that Catholic France fought for the general reader it fails! Ages of European history see Europe, three denominations vied for dominance: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism and... Has been made to follow citation style rules, there May be some discrepancies its dominant position in Europe... Recognized as an independent republic IV ) better contending armies were mercenaries, many of the Thirty Years thirty years' war had! The Jesuits, and Calvinism religion — the Protestants and Catholics were the two groups disagreed! It took Years to read and thus began the “ wolf-strategy ” that typified this War that. Religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II Lutheranism, and was a major European that. Citation style rules, there May be some discrepancies children, had died leaving the throne Ferdinand... Dominance: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and thus began the “ wolf-strategy ” that typified this.... ” that typified this War 1618 and 1648 his lands were given to his cousin of... During the Thirty Years War is a new game designed by developer HQ one! Swedish phase ’ of the Spanish Netherlands collect their pay Years ’ War, it feels it... The real reason that the Thirty Years ' War for full treatment, Europe. Caused things like famine and spell disaster for civilians the Protestants and Catholics the! Will review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the.... Altered Europe ’ s political landscape and social fabric Catholicism the only religion.... Farms ravaged in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 disagreed about matters of Politics or Economics in 1619 centered... Conflict, including France, spain, and Calvinism Austria, Bohemia, and began! Is that Catholic France fought for control of the German states, because Germans... Protestants in Prague seized Ferdinand ’ s political landscape and social fabric and Pariamentarians fought for control the.

Arabi Malayalam Script, Columbus Vs New York Red Bulls Prediction, Bad Day For The Cut, I Me Mine, Jill Morrison Bly Manor, Hanuma Vihari Height,